China's ancient books are vast, and according to various standards, ancient books can be divided into scripts, extensions, engravings, movable characters, overprints, etc., as well as single engravings, coherents, books, scripts, remnants, and true books. , fake books and many other types. It is complicated and numerous.
In the era before the invention of printing, that is, before the ninth century AD, you can imagine, the book spread only rely on manual transcription. For a book, if you want ten copies, you need to manually copy ten times. If you want one hundred, you must manually copy one hundred times. It takes time and effort to imagine. Some long masterpieces, even if they are only copied once, may take years or even decades. Since this type of book is handwritten, this version of the book is called a copy. Before the Song Dynasty, there was no big difference between the textbook and the manuscript and manuscript. However, after the Song Dynasty, the book specifically refers to the transcripts of neat books. For example, some books on the government house are not engraved. They are only handwritten in the form of a book, like the Ming Dynasty’s Yongle Dadian. Write this book.
At the beginning of the writing, the book is written in the form of a scroll. After the invention of the paper, due to the low cost of paper, it was used in a large number of applications, and the paper was written. The scrolls are inconvenient to read, and the paper copy is gradually improved from the form of a scroll to the form of a album.
Writing
After the invention of printing, the copy copied from the original copy, also called the copy, the writing is neat, the error is less commonly called the fine banknote, can not be determined that the copying era is collectively called the old copy.
transcript
(Song engraved book shadow)
In the Tang Dynasty, the engraving and printing process was invented. As long as the contents of the book were carved into a plate, it could theoretically be printed in an unlimited amount (of course, the plate would wear out during the printing process). The principle is similar to the engraved seal. The engraving on the board is an anti-word, and then the ink is printed on the paper and printed on the paper. This has greatly improved the efficiency of book copying.
However, although the engraving and printing of the book originated in the Tang Dynasty, the preserved Tang Dynasty engravings were rare, and even the five generations of engravings were difficult to see. What can be seen in the existing market is the Song Dynasty engraving, also known as the Song edition. The engraving industry in the Song Dynasty was very developed. Zhejiang and Sichuan were the most engraved and of high quality. They were also known as Zheben and Sakamoto.
Engraved
(Cheng Jia book shadow)
The advantages of engraving printing are huge, but there are also obvious shortcomings: 1. It takes time and labor to pay for the engraving; 2. It is inconvenient to store a large number of books; 3. It is difficult to correct the typo.
In the Qing Dynasty during the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented the movable type printing technique, used the clay to make the movable type, and implemented the typesetting printing, which improved the shortcomings of the engraving printing. However, it was not widely adopted at the time. Due to specific socio-economic reasons, movable type printing has not developed into a large-scale production method in ancient times, and most publishers still prefer to use engraving and printing. Until the mid-nineteenth century, Western type printing was re-transferred back to China, gradually producing the modern Chinese printing industry.
The Yuan Dynasty began to print in metal type. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it was useful for wood type, and it was useful for copper live and lead type printing. The most famous type of living in ancient times, as the book "Dream of Red Mansions". In the 56th year of Qianlong, Cheng Weiyuan and Gao Wei combined the first 80 original works and the last 40 sequels, using the first type of wood movable type printing, the world called "Cheng Jiaben"; the second year was re-typed, "additional order", " There is a slight revision," the world called "Cheng Yiben."
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